N, N-dimetilformamid(DMF) farmatsevtik erituvchi sifatida keng qo'llaniladi. N. N-dimetilformamid fizik-kimyoviy xususiyatlarga ega dipolyar gidrofil erituvchidir, shuning uchun u kapillyar elektroforez (CE) uchun javob beradi.
N-dimetilformamidning kimyoviy xossalari juda barqaror bo‘lib, ular quyidagi yetti jihatda ko‘rsatilgan:
1. Bu turli xil organik va noorganik birikmalarga yaxshi eruvchan bo'lgan aprotik qutbli erituvchidir. Ishqor, kislota va suvsiz yaxshi kimyoviy barqarorlikka ega.
2. Kimyoviy xossalari: kislota, ishqor va suv bo'lmasa, qaynash nuqtasiga qadar qizdirilganda ham nisbatan barqaror. U kislota taʼsirida chumoli kislotasi va dimetilamin tuziga, ishqor taʼsirida esa metilat va dimetilaminga parchalanadi.
3. Ultrabinafsha nurlar ta'sirida dimetilamin va formaldegidga, taxminan 35{15}} darajaga qizdirilganda dimetilamin va karbon monoksitga parchalanadi. U xlorid kislota bilan nisbatan barqaror ekvimolyar qo'shimcha hosil qiladi, erish nuqtasi 40 daraja va qaynash nuqtasi 110 daraja. Bundan tashqari, u SO3 bilan kristalli qo'shimchalar hosil qilishi mumkin, erish nuqtasi 138 daraja va qaynash nuqtasi 145 daraja. Dmf-so3 yumshoq sulfatlashtiruvchi vosita va sulfatlashtiruvchi vosita sifatida ishlatilishi mumkin. POCl3, CoCl2 va SOCl2 bilan hosil bo'lgan qo'shimchalar yuqori elektron zichligi bo'lgan aromatik halqaga Cho guruhini (Vilsmeier reaktsiyasi) kiritishi mumkin. P2O5 xona haroratida Dimetilformamidda erimaydi, lekin 40 darajadan yuqori barqaror kompleks hosil qilgandan so'ng, u xona haroratida yog'ingarchiliksiz eritilishi mumkin. Metall natriy ishtirokida qizdirilganda shiddatli reaksiya yuzaga keladi va vodorod ajralib chiqadi. Bundan tashqari, 0 daraja trietilaluminiy bilan zo'ravonlik bilan reaksiyaga kirishishi mumkin. Grignard reaktivi bilan ham reaksiyaga kirishishi mumkin. Asilxlorid va angidrid bilan reaksiyaga kirishganda, dikarbonamid hosilalari hosil bo'ladi.
4. Past toksiklik toifasiga kiradi. Hayvonlarda o‘tkazilgan tajribalar shuni ko‘rsatdiki, ko‘p miqdorda N, N-dimetilformamidning uzluksiz qo‘llanishi vazn yo‘qotishi va gematopoetik funktsiyaga to‘sqinlik qilishi mumkin. Ko'zlarga, teriga va shilliq qavatlarga kuchli ogohlantiruvchi ta'sir ko'rsatadi va uning suyuqligi yoki bug'i teri tomonidan so'rilganidan keyin ham jigar buzilishiga olib kelishi mumkin. Yuqori konsentratsiyali bug'ning inhalatsiyasi o'tkir zaharlanishga olib kelishi mumkin. Asosiy alomatlar - kuchli tirnash xususiyati, umumiy spazm, og'riqli ich qotishi, ko'ngil aynishi va qayt qilish. Teri va shilliq pardalarning tirnash xususiyati bilan bir qatorda surunkali zaharlanishda ko'ngil aynish, qusish, ko'krak qafasidagi siqilish, bosh og'rig'i, umumiy noqulaylik, ishtahaning yo'qolishi, oshqozon og'rig'i, ich qotishi, gepatomegaliya, jigar faoliyatining o'zgarishi, urobilinogen va urobilinning ko'payishi kiradi. Foydalanishda bug'ning o'rtacha kontsentratsiyasi 29,9 mg / m3 dan past bo'lishi kerak va 59,8 mg / m3 bo'lganda zaharlanish belgilari (markaziy asab tizimiga zarar etkazish) paydo bo'ladi. Sichqonlar va sichqonlarning og'iz orqali yuboriladigan LD50 toksikligi 3000 7000 mg/kg ni tashkil qildi. Xushbo'ylik chegarasi kontsentratsiyasi 0,14 mg / m3 ni tashkil qiladi va TJ 36-79 ustaxona havosida maksimal ruxsat etilgan kontsentratsiya 10 mg / m3 ni tashkil qiladi.
5. Barqarorlik
6. Taqiqlangan moddalar: kuchli oksidlovchi, atsilxlorid, xloroform, kuchli qaytaruvchi, halogen, xlorli uglevodorod, konsentrlangan sulfat kislota, dumanli nitrat kislota
7. Polimerlanish xavfi-polimerlanish
Dimethylformamide is mainly used as a low volatile solvent. Dimethylformamide is used in the manufacture of propylene fibers and plastics. In the pharmaceutical industry, it is also used in the manufacture of pesticides, adhesives, artificial leather, fibers, films, and surface coatings. Dimethylformamide is the reagent of bouveault aldehyde synthesis reaction and Vilsmeier Haack reaction (another useful aldehyde synthesis reaction). In the NMR spectrum, the proton on the methyl group of dimethylformamide forms two single peaks, because the rotation rate of the carbonyl carbon-nitrogen bond is very slow in the time scale of NMR. The bond order of carbonyl carbon-nitrogen bond is greater than one, while that of amide carbon-oxygen bond is less than two. In the infrared spectrum of amide, the chemicalbook, C = O band is usually less than 1700cm-1, because its C = O bond is weakened due to the electron density of oxygen supplied from nitrogen. Dimethylformamide will penetrate most plastics and expand them, so it is often used as one of the components of paint remover. Dimethylformamide is also known as a "universal solvent", but it also has its limitations. It has a high boiling point of 154 degree , which is more suitable as a solvent for many polymer materials. It should be carefully selected in organic synthesis. It is often difficult to remove the solvent. In addition, it can be miscible with water. The simple solvent recovery method is difficult to dehydrate. It can be washed off with water at any cost. The feasibility of large-scale production should be considered in the small-scale test. We need to calculate the cost and wastewater treatment scheme.
Agar siz N, N-dimetilformamid haqida ko'proq bilmoqchi bo'lsangiz, biz bilan bog'laning.